Proses Membangun Jiwa Kewirausahaan

Kehidupan dalam masyarakat kental dengan rasa senasib sepenganggungan menjadi hal akrab bagi kebanyakan masyarakat Asia layaknya Jepang, China, Korea Selatan, dan anggota Perhimpunan Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN). Jadi, tidak usah belajar sikap pandang jejaring sosial dari Barat mengenai "apa maknanya kebersamaan dalam saling menghargai sesama?"

Dalam masyarakat Asia, maka seorang anggota masyarakatnya sejak lahir berada dalam lingkungan jaringan keterkaitan dan dapat dikatakan jarang sekali berada dalam kesendirian.

Jaringan tersebut dalam bahasa China disebut Guanxi, yang mengakar dalam lingkungan para pelaku ekonomi dengan kepemimpinan dan manajemen negerinya, sekalipun organisasi masyarakat dan bisnis makin memasuki keterbukaan sebagai dampak globalisasi. Mereka secara jelas menempatkan Tirai Bambu menjadi globalisasi yang bukan kebarat-baratan (westernisasi) melulu.

Jaringan kerja (guanxi) berlandaskan saling percaya (shinyung) sebagai istilah sudah membudaya dalam masyarakat umum di China, dan merupakan proses interaksi operasi lintas sektoral, yang pasti bukan "serba cepat tanpa mendalami apa maknanya berjaringan kerja".

Sementara itu, masyarakat Jepang sudah sejak dulu kala di eranya Tokugawa dan Meiji mempraktikkan filosofi jin-miyaku, yang maknanya sama dengan guanxi. Bangsa kitapun secara historis mengenal sekaligus "pernah" menghayati makna gotong royong atas dasar saling berbagi makna menang untung semua (win-win).

Masyarakat Asia umumnya hidup dalam keteraturan sosial dan harmoni (social order and harmony). Daya gerak modernisasi membawa masyarakat pada tuntutan keberadaan formal lembaga, seperti hukum dan peraturan untuk mencapai apa yang disebut governance.

Namun, bagi setiap orang Asia sebagai anggota masyarakat, baik sebagai pelaku ekonomi, maupun birokrasi pemerintahan, ada jiwa ketertiban sosial sekaligus harmoni yang tetap tertanam (built in).

Bagi birokrasi pemerintah Asia umumnya yang terkait sebagai salah satu pemangku kepentingan (stake holder) makin diperlukan kesadaran dengan menjunjung tinggi apa artinya melayani dengan "makin baik, makin cepat dan makin murah" (better, faster and cheaper).

Kemudian, mereka diharapkan menjadi pejabat birokrasi dari yang paling senior sampai yang langsung melayani, dalam membangun jaringan kerja dengan memelihara muka yang tulus dan rasa saling mempercayai, walapun awalnya perlu pengorbanan waktu, energi dan biaya dengan tetap menghayati ketertiban sosial dan harmoni (social order and harmony). Ini pula makna sebutan pamong praja yang sejatinya diharapkan bangsa Indonesia dari pejabat birokrasinya.

Bagi masyarakat Asia dalam realita sulit kiranya hanya menggantungkan diri pada pengertian proses rasional komunikasi dalam bentuk tatap muka dan tulisan. Proses berjaringan kerja masyarakat yang harus makin lancar karena terbentuknya hubungan emosional dengan rasa berkewajiban. Itulah yang dihayati sebagai kehidupan dalam masyarakat berjaringan kerja.

Mineo Nakajima, guru besar International Relation and Contemporary Studies di Tokyo University dalam "Confucian Capitalism: Challenge to Global Economy" menyebut adanya lima kebajikan utama dalam Jepang moderen, yakni 1. murah hati (benevolence), 2. sikap berkewajiban (obligation), 3. ritual, 4. kebajikan, dan 5. sikap mempercayai/taat.

Dari ke lima kebajikan, menurut Nakajima, yang harus dijunjung tinggi adalah kewajiban antar-sesama disusul dengan ketaatan. Dalam pengamatannya, tidak ada yang istimewa dalam jin-miyaku atau guanxi, karena yang diperlukan adalah konsistensi, keuletan dan sikap jujur dalam memegang janji. Pengoperasian bisnis dalam lingkungan yang makin terbuka dan moderen justru membutuhkan kesadaran beretika.

Sarana moderen, layaknya jaringan berkomputer (Internet) dengan berbagai fasilitasnya, serta transportasi yang makin efektif dan efisien merupakan pendukung bagai pelumas proses interaksi. Belakangan ini, pelaku bisnis negara Barat pun menilai betapa rasionalnya jejaring sosial ala Asia. Mereka mulai sadar menghargai manusia Asia, sekalipun membutuhkan pengorbanan dalam sikap pandang tersebut.

Dalam proses negosiasi sekaligus interaksi, sadar atau tidak sadar, adanya enam tahapan memahami lawan bicara, apalagi bila melibatkan penerjemah bahasa. Pertama, sikap menjadi pendengar yang penuh perhatian (tidak melantur ke mana-mana) dan menghargai perilaku lawan bicara yang tiada kaitannya dengan negosiasi formal.

Kedua, melakukan tukar-menukar pokok-pokok informasi yang ada kaitannya dengan tujuan negosiasi. Ketiga, menjelaskan isi dan maksud informasi yang disajikan sebelumnya atau pada saat proses negosiasi. Keempat melalui pendekatan formal maupun personal mencari titik-titik temu. Kelima mencapai kesekapatan awal dengan saling memberi penjelasan. Keenam menetapkan jadwal waktu dan rangkaian tahapan umpan balik pelaksanaan pokok-pokok kesepakatan tertulis.

Walaupun di Asia, masyarakatnya mengenal istilah manajemen dengan struktur organisasi, sistem dan staffing, serta pengawasan jadwal implementasinya yang berasal sering diklaim dari Barat memang makin diserap. Dalam realitanya, tindakan "mengatur" di Asia tetap situasional dan tidak universal. Manajemen dalam organisasi besar maupun menengah sampai yang kecil dalam konteks ketertiban sosial dan harmoni.

Model manajemen China dan Asia umumnya memiliki landasan nilai-nilai tradisionalnya, meskipun dalam proses memasuki era keterbukaan globalisasi terdapat integrasi sekaligus asimilasi pemikiran lokal maupun yang berasal dari barat, seperti kelenturan, penyerapan proses menerima berbagai hal baru dan menghargai waktu (just in time) maupun "menjaga muka".

Kalau para pelaku ekonomi dan wirausahawan muda di Indonesia mengkaji sejarah politik, sosial dan budaya bangsa China, Jepang, Korea dan tetangga ASEAN, maka terungkap pergeseran-pergeseran dalam budaya yang menghasilkan sikap yang makin menghargai moderninasi ala Barat tanpa mengorbankan prinsip-prinsip dasar yang sudah mengakar dalam dirinya. Di sini, semua pihak secara setara ditantang untuk terus belajar tanpa merasa diindoktrinasi.

Memang masih adanya pengawasan dalam organisasi yang terbatas oleh sekelompok kecil orang dalam yang biasanya anggota keluarga atau "orang dalam". Repotnya, kalau sampai terjadi kekurangmatangan dalam proses pengawasan sekaligus menghargai waktu (just in time).

Proses membuka diri dan langkah menuju modernisasi dalam manajemen bukan westernisasi, tetapi menggerakkan anggota organisasi secara berkesinambungan belajar kemajuan penerapan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, serta teknologi industri, jasa sekaligus informasi dari sesama Asia dan Barat.

Berbagai hal ini memperlihatkan kemampuan Asia menyerap nilai-nilai Barat yang awalnya bisa dinilai "keras" dalam manajemen, termasuk berjaringan kerja diseimbangkan dengan nilai-nilai yang "lunak", tapi tidak mudah menyerah. Pelaku manajemen Barat, atau dari Asia yang kebanyakan menyerap karena pendidikan kebarat-baratan, banyak yang membawakan perilaku keras tanpa kompromi dalam ambisi, agresif, orentasi prestasi sesuai tujuan, walupun berisiko gagal dalam persaingan.

Barat mengoperasikan tujuan organisasinya dengan kultur yang menonjolkan sikap rasional, yang dalam situasi gagal menonjolkan rasa bersalah (guilt culture), sedangkan Asia lebih memperlihatkan sikap rasa malu (shame culture) berbuat kecerobohan dan kesalahan dalam manajemen pemasaran dan keuangan.

Masyarakat Asia, apalagi China, secara prinsip menghindari konflik. Apalagi, mereka enggan bersaing secara frontal. Tanpa banyak pencitraan diri, mereka lebih menyukai pendekatan melalui tatap muka dan negosiasi langsung, yang belakangan ini didahului dengan komunikasi melalui telepon, sarana Internet yang disebut media jejaring sosial. Tampaknya ada urutan untuk bekerja dalam organisasi ke dalam maupun keluar, baik bisnis maupun organisasi sosial, yakni hubungan interpersonal, disusul dengan logika dan penerapan aturan yang diterima bersama.

Bagi para pemimpin dan manajemen mulai dari puncak, menengah sampai ke bawahan tentu saja memerlukan sikap pandang tiada akhirnya dalam belajar (there is no end in learning). Belajar bersama dalam kelompok-kelompok lintas fungsional --tidak lebih dari lima anggota tiap kelompoknya-- secara teratur dengan pengorbanan tanpa bersikap mencari-cari pencitraan diri, dan tanpa lekas bosan merupakan langkah yang berkesinambungan menuju kematangan diri masing-masing. Inilah proses membangun jiwa kewirausahaan aktual.

Investasi dan tabungan dalam perekonomian Islam

Dengan absennya bunga dalam perekonomian, hubungan investasi dan tabungan dalam perekonomian Islam tidak sekuat seperti yang ada dalam konvensional. 

Dalam konvensional hubungan investasi dan tabungan dihubungkan oleh peran bunga dalam perekonomian. Sehingga bunga menjadi indicator fluktuasi yang terjadi di investasi dan tabungan. Ketika bunga (bunga simpanan dan bunga pinjaman) tinggi maka kecenderungan tabungan akan meningkat, sementara investasi relatif turun. Begitu sebaliknya, ketika bunga rendah, maka tabungan akan menurun dan investasi akan meningkat. 

Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa motivasi dalam aktivitas tabungan dan investasi dalam konvensional didominasi oleh motif keuntungan (returns) yang bisa didapatkan dari keduanya.

Sedangkan dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam, investasi bukanlah melulu bercerita tentang berapa keuntungan materi yang bisa didapatkan melalui aktivitas investasi, tapi ada beberapa faktor yang mendominasi motifasi investasi dalam Islam. Pertama, akibat implementasi mekanisme zakat maka asset produktif yang dimiliki seseorang pada jumlah tertentu (memenuhi batas nisab zakat) akan selalu dikenakan zakat, sehingga hal ini akan mendorong pemiliknya untuk mengelolanya melalui investasi.

Dengan demikian melalui investasi tersebut pemilik asset memiliki potensi mempertahankan jumlah dan nilai assetnya. Berdasarkan argumentasi ini, aktifitas investasi pada dasarnya lebih dekat dengan prilaku individu (investor/muzakki) atas kekayaan atau asset mereka daripada prilaku individu atas simpanan mereka. Sejalan dengan kesimpulan bahwa sebenarnya ada perbedaan yang mendasar dalam perekonomian Islam dalam membahas prilaku simpanan dan investasi, dalam Islam investasi lebih bersumber dari harta kekayaan/asset daripada simpanan yang dalam investasi dibatasi oleh definisi bagian sisa dari pendapatan setelah dikurangi oleh konsumsi.

Kedua, aktivitas investasi dilakukan lebih didasarkan pada motifasi social yaitu membantu sebagian masyarakat yang tidak memiliki modal namun memiliki kemampuan berupa keahlian (skill) dalam menjalankan usaha, baik dilakukan dengan bersyarikat (musyarakah) maupun dengan berbagi hasil (mudharabah). Jadi dapat dikatakan bahwa investasi dalam Islam bukan hanya dipengaruhi factor keuntungan materi, tapi juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh factor syariah (kepatuhan pada ketentuan syariah) dan factor sosial (kemashlahatan ummat).

Melihat praktek ekonomi kontemporer, definisi investasi cenderung meluas dari definisi orisinilnya. Definisi investasi kini juga digunakan dalam menggambarkan aktivitas penanaman sejumlah capital dalam pasar keuangan konvensional, dimana aktivitasnya berbeda jauh dengan maksud yang terkandung dalam kata investasi itu sendiri yang biasa digunakan dalam sector riil.

Masuk pada makna investasi di sector keuangan tentu aktivitas ini lebih dekat dengan motivasi spekulasi dan capital gain. Prilaku investasi seperti ini tentu akan memberikan wajah atau corak ekonomi yang berbeda, bahkan konsekwensi terhadap interaksi dalam mekanisme ekonomi juga akan sangat berbeda dengan sistem ekonomi non-spekulasi (syariah). Dan yang pasti teori-teori yang terbangun dari analisa prilaku dan kecenderungan dalam mekanisme perekonomian konvensional tentu akan berbeda dengan perekonomian Islam (atau bahkan bertolak belakang). Jadi perlu ditegaskan kembali, bahwa dalam perekonomian Islam spekulasi dalam segala bentuknya atau menanamkan dana atas motif profit atau return dalam bentuk bunga (interest rate) bukanlah investasi!

Selanjutnya melihat segmentasi masyarakat Islam, maka golongan masyarakat yang aktif melakukan aktifitas investasi adalah golongan masyarakat muzakki. Golongan masyarakat ini memiliki potensi melakukan investasi akibat sumber daya ekonominya berlebih setelah memenuhi kebutuhan dasar dan kebutuhan untuk berjaga-jaga.

Investasi ini tentu akumulasi dan perannya dalam perekonomian secara makro sangat besar. Dengan berfungsinya sistem zakat dan dilarangnya riba serta spekulasi, maka akumulasi dana besar yang dimiliki oleh golongan muzakki akan ditransfer menjadi investasi, sebagai reaksi untuk menghindari risiko berkurangnya harta mereka akibat kewajiban zakat dan motif ingin menjaga atau bahkan menambah jumlah kekayaan (harta) para muzakki. Berarti akumulasi investasi tersebut akan terus berputar dan berputar. Dengan begitu tingkat velocity akan terjaga atau bahkan akan terus meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah akumulasi investasi.

Jadi dapat disimpulkan investasi dalam Islam ditentukan oleh beberapa variabel yang diantaranya adalah ekspektasi keuntungan pada sebuah projek, pendapatan dan kondisi perekonomian (bukan oleh tingkat bunga yang selama ini dikenal dalam teori ekonomi konvensional.

Seperti yang telah dijelaskan pada sub-bab tabungan, warga non-muslim yang memiliki kelebihan uang atau harta (idle money) tidak diberi kesempatan oleh sistem untuk bisa menanamkannya dalam pasar keuangan karena pasar tersebut tidak ada (no interest rate and speculative transaction). Pasar keuangan dalam arti konvensional tentunya. Sehingga kelebihan uang atau harta dari warga non-muslim akan mengalir pada aktifitas investasi.

Pembahasan prilaku tabungan dan investasi dalam perspektif Islam ini akan menjadi salah satu landasan dalam pendefinisian dan pengembangan sistem moneter Islam. Karena prilaku tabungan dan investasi dalam Islam jelas sekali berbeda dengan apa yang diyakini dalam ekonomi konvensional.

Menggunakan definisi dan mekanisme investasi yang telah disebutkan diatas, maka investasi menjadi sektor yang tidak kalah penting dalam perekonomian. Sector inilah yang menjelaskan bagaimana kegiatan ekonomi riil dapat bergerak melalui penyediaan instrument-instrumen investasi dan preferensi golongan pemilik modal untuk menggunakan dananya. Realisasi investasi tentu saja ditentukan oleh dua kekuatan pasar, yaitu penawaran investasi dan permintaan investasi.

Apa yang menjadi objek penawaran dan permintaan investasi? Jawaban dari pertanyaan ini menjadi sangat penting dalam memahami konsep investasi, dimana konsep ini, Secara sederhana yang menjadi objek dari pasar investasi adalah projek – projek investasi, yang menunjukkan berapa besar realisasi aktifitas usaha yang dilakukan oleh pemilik modal untuk memproduksi barang dan jasa. Merekalah, pemilik modal, yang menjadi inisiator wujudnya usaha – usaha yang menyediakan kebutuhan atau permintaan akan barang dan jasa. Namun dalam aktifitas pasar selama ini, ternyata terdapat segolongan pelaku ekonomi yang ingin ikut secara keuangan dalam proses usaha tersebut. Bahkan tak jarang keberadaan mereka menjadi urgen menentukan perkembangan kuantitas usaha (bisnis) yang ada, disamping memang inisiator tidak mampu memenuhi skala ekonomi dan produksi yang diinginkan oleh pasar, hal ini wujud akibat nature aktifitas ekonomi yang sejak dulu tidak pernah lepas dari kerangka kerjasama yang menguntungkan melalui proses sharing baik risiko, untung maupun rugi.

Pada aplikasinya, keseimbangan keduanya kemudian akan membentuk tingkat ekspektasi keuntungan (expected return) pada pasar investasi. Keterlibatan pemilik modal (yang membentuk permintaan investasi) yang menanamkan dananya dalam projek investasi pada gilirannya akan membentuk informasi pasar tentang ekspektasi keuntungan dalam berusaha.

Dalam aplikasi investasi sector riil konvensional juga lazimnya memang berbeda dengan aplikasi syariah. Di konvensional aktifitas investasi lekat dengan konsep bunga dimana setiap investasi yang terjadi diasumsikan selalu berakhir untung (positif). Investasi konvensional tidak mengakomodasi kemungkinan rugi. Berbeda dengan syariah, system ini menggunakan konsep bagi hasil dimana asumsi dasarnya adalah kefitrahan usaha yang dapat untung dan dapat pula rugi.

Hubungan investasi dengan tingkat bunga ini bukannya tak memiliki kelemahan, fungsi I = Io – gi sudah banyak dianalisa dan diungkapkan kelemahan-kelemahannya oleh pakar-pakar ekonomi konvensional itu sendiri. Dan bahkan beberapa pakar memiliki bukti empiris atau kesimpulan dalam beberapa artikel ilmiah mereka bahwa hubungan investasi dan tingkat bunga sangatlah lemah.

Perlu diakui bahwa konsep pasar investasi ini perlu dikaji lebih mendalam relevansi dan kemapanan teorinya, namun penulis mengharapkan konsep ini mampu menjadi referensi pengembangan selanjutnya atau bahkan menjelaskan beberapa hal dalam hipotesa – hipotesa fenomena ekonomi Islam, baik prilaku ekonomi pada skala mikro maupun kecenderungan system pada skala makro.

Penawaran projek investasi dalam perspektif Islam secara garis besar bersumber dari investasi yang inisiatifnya berasal dari sektor swasta (Ip), pemerintah (Ig) dan social (Iso). Dari sector swasta, pelaku ekonomi akan memulai usaha dengan ekspektasi keuntungan yang mereka perhitungkan pada masa yang akan datang. Berapapun tingkat ekspektasi keuntungan sepanjang keuntungan tersebut tidak negative (≥ 0), maka seorang pengusaha akan melakukan usaha bisnis. Dengan kata lain inisiatif atau preferensi usaha seorang pelaku bisnis tidak terpaku pada tingkat keuntungan tertentu.[1] Disamping itu ada juga investasi yang ditawarkan oleh pemerintah (Ig), dengan karakteristik investasi yang lebih pada pembangunan infrastruktur atau fasilitas – fasilitas publik. Atau tidak jarang pada investasi di sektor-sektor sumber daya ekonomi yang vital bagi negara, seperti minyak dan gas bumi, pembangkit listrik, informasi dan lain-lain. Selain itu investasi juga dapat berasal dari masyarakat itu sendiri melalui mekanisme sosial Islam (Iso). Dalam hal ini instrumen sosial Islam yang sangat lekat dengan investasi sosial adalah instrumen wakaf. Peran dan fungsi wakaf secara umum adalah sebagai sumber investasi sosial bagi masyarakat. Investasi sosial tersebut meliputi pengadaan pelayanan medis (klinik, puskesmas, obat murah dan lain-lain), tempat ibadah, jembatan, sekolah dan lain sebagainya. Keberadaan wakaf betul-betul merupakan inisiatif masyarakat yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan tingkat keimanan masyarakat itu sendiri. Dengan demikian, penawaran investasi dapat digambarkan dengan menggunakan model investasi sebagai berikut:

Is = Ip + Ig + Iso

Penawaran investasi ini bersifat autonomous, dimana besarnya relatif tidak tergantung pada keuntungan ekspektasi (expected return – Er). Hal ini mengakibatkan gambaran kurva penawaran investasi menjadi vertikal, yang bermakna berapapun perubahan ekspektasi keuntungan tidak membuat jumlah penawaran investasi berubah. Jumlah penawaran investasi lebih disebabkan inisiatif pelakunya yaitu pelaku bisnis, pemerintah dan sektor sosial.

Sementara itu permintaan investasi cenderung terdiri atas dua komponen. Yang pertama komponen investasi autonomous (Io) yang tidak tergantung pada variabel lain, boleh jadi komponen ini ada akibat preferensi investor untuk berinvestasi dengan motif bersifat individual (keinginan diri sendiri - Iriil) dan sosial (amal shaleh – Iamal shaleh). Permintaan akan investasi sosial ini pula yang kemudian menimbulkan respon adanya penawaran projek – projek investasi bersifat sosial.

Sedangkan yang kedua investasi yang tergantung pada besar kecilnya ekspektasi keuntungan. Investasi ini muncul disebabkan oleh kecenderungan pemilik modal ingin mempertahankan (termasuk menambah) tingkat kekayaan yang mereka miliki, karena pada tingkat kekayaan tertentu para investor yang notabene adalah muzakki akan terekspose oleh risiko zakat. Artinya zakat akan mengurangi jumlah kekayaan mereka ketika kekayaan mereka mencapai atau melebihi jumlah tertentu (nishab). Oleh sebab itu, sebagai tindakan balik dalam rangka mempertahankan tingkat kekayaanya, maka seorang investor/muzakki memiliki pilihan yaitu memberdayakan kekayaannya untuk memperoleh keuntungan atau menambah kekayaan mereka. Dalam perspektif lain penggunaan kekayaan investor/muzakki sebenarnya adalah membuka peluang individu lain untuk memperoleh manfaat dari kekayaan mereka. Seperti mereka yang tidak memiliki modal tapi memiliki keahlian dalam berbagai usaha bisnis atau ekonomi. Dengan demikian, model permintaan investasi dapat digambarkan dengan persamaan sebagai berikut:

Id = Io + h(Er)

Dimana: h = sensitifitas permintaan terhadap Er Io = kW + lW; k + l = 1, atau Io = Iriil + Iamal shaleh

Dimana: Iriil = kW Iamal Shaleh = lW k = bagian kekayaan yang diinvestasikan bermotif pribadi l = bagian kekayaan yang diinvestasikan bermotif sosial W = kekayaan (Wealth)

Pada sisi permintaan investasi, keikutsertaannya kelompok pemilik modal tergantung pada keberadaan usaha yang telah ada dipasar, dimana mereka menempatkan sebagian modalnya (uang) pada usaha yang ada, sehingga besar – kecil jumlah investasi atau penanaman modal mereka pada projek investasi tergantung pada besar – kecil ekspektasi keuntungan yang ada. Semakin besar ekspektasi keuntungan, maka akan semakin besar permintaan terhadap projek investasi tersebut. Begitu juga sebaliknya, jika ekspektasi keuntungan kecil, maka permintaan projek investasi pun akan turun. Seberapa besar penurunan permintaan investasi sangat tergantung pada tingkat sensitifitas permintaan tersebut terhadap pergerakan naik – turunnya ekspektasi keuntungan.

Dari interaksi keduanya, keseimbangan antara permintaan dan penawaran investasi membentuk atau menentukan ekspektasi keuntungan dipasar (investasi). Dari aktifitas investasi inilah kemudian mampu menjelaskan dukungan sektor ini terhadap aktifitas ekonomi riil di pasar barang dan jasa. Oleh karena aktifitas investasi merupakan aktivitas dominan dalam pasar modern saat ini, akan sangat beralasan memasukkan sektor ini dalam penjelasan keseimbangan umum ekonomi Islam. Pada bab – bab selanjutnya pembahasan sektor investasi ini akan semakin detil dijabarkan. Karena membahas sektor keuangan Islam tidak mungkin dijelaskan menggunakan model seperti apa yang konvensional miliki, sehingga diperlukan model yang yang sejalan dengan nilai-nilai moral dan ketentuan – ketentuan hukum syariah Islam.

Nilai – nilai moral berikut ketentuan – ketentuan hukum syariah Islam dapat dilihat modelnya atau realisasinya jika ia diwujudkan dalam prilaku – prilaku ekonomi. Dan sebenarnya proses memadankan prilaku ekonomi manusia dengan nilai moral dan ketentuan hukum syariah Islam inilah yang merupakan titik krusial dalam teori prilaku ekonomi Islam. Proses tersebut bahkan sewajarnya menjadi asumsi dasar atas bangunan teori ekonomi Islam.

Hal ini terjadi juga atas asumsi bahwa individu yang memahami nilai – nilai Islam melakukan inisiatif usaha, selain mempertimbangkan tingkat keuntungan tapi juga melihat kemashlahatan yang bias diberikan kepada individu lain disekitarnya. Mungkin dengan tingkat keuntungan sama dengan 0 pun seorang pelaku bisnis akan memulai usahanya jika pada saat yang sama ia merasa akan banyak keuntungan yang diambil oleh lingkungannya.

Investasi uang atau investasi dana

Investasi uang atau investasi dana adalah rute yang sering dianjurkan untuk investor kecil(investor pemula) oleh para ahli. Cari tahu apa itu dana, bagaimana cara berinvestasi, dan bagaimana cara menyimpan uang melalui sebuah supermarket dana.

Investasi Mudah: Dana menghapus kebutuhan untuk berinvestasi dalam saham individual

Apa itu dana?

Ketika berbicara tentang dana investor mereka biasanya mengacu baik unit trust, atau perusahaan investasi terbuka, Oeics. Ini mungkin terdengar rumit, tetapi mereka pada dasarnya hanya dana di mana uang investor dikumpulkan untuk berinvestasi dalam saham, obligasi atau dana lainnya.

Idenya adalah bahwa sebagai dana berinvestasi dalam banyak saham perusahaan yang berbeda ‘atau obligasi, risiko Anda kehilangan semua uang Anda kurang dari itu akan jika Anda berada di saham perusahaan tunggal. Demikian pula, sebagian besar dana akan memiliki manajer. Ini akan menjadi seseorang, biasanya dengan keahlian investasi substansial dan pengalaman, yang akan bertujuan untuk mengalahkan pasar dan memberikan kembali yang terbaik untuk investor (meskipun seringkali mereka tidak berhasil melakukannya.)

Ketika waktu yang baik fund manager bertujuan untuk melakukan membuat keuntungan lebih tinggi dari rekan-rekan mereka, saat-saat buruk seorang manajer yang baik akan datang ke mereka sendiri dengan terus menghasilkan uang, atau hanya tidak kehilangan sebanyak rekan-rekan mereka.Dana biasanya datang dengan biaya awal hingga 5%, biaya manajemen tahunan, biasanya sekitar 1% sampai 1,5%, dan komisi jejak atau pembaharuan, biasanya 0,5% menjadi 0,75%, yang digunakan untuk hadiah penasihat keuangan. Sebuah DIY baik dana atau platform Isa investasi akan memangkas biaya ini

Bagaimana investment trust?
Investment trust kurang umum. Perbedaan penting antara mereka dan dana adalah bahwa investment trust terdaftar perusahaan dengan saham yang diperdagangkan di pasar saham.

Mereka berinvestasi dalam saham perusahaan lain dan dikenal sebagai ujung tertutup, berarti jumlah saham atau unit portofolio kepercayaan dibagi menjadi terbatas. Investor dapat membeli atau menjual unit-unit ini untuk bergabung atau meninggalkan dana, tapi uang baru di luar kolam ini tidak dapat dibesarkan tanpa menerbitkan saham baru secara resmi.

Investment trust lebih berisiko daripada unit trust karena saham mereka dapat melakukan perdagangan dengan premi atau diskon dengan nilai aset yang mereka pegang, yang dikenal sebagai nilai aktiva bersih. Sebagai contoh, harga dana bisa jatuh di bawah nilai total dari kepemilikan, jika tidak populer dan orang tidak ingin berinvestasi tapi ingin menjual, sehingga menekan permintaan dan menaikkan pasokan unit untuk dijual. Hal ini memberikan kesempatan investor baru untuk membeli di harga diskon, tetapi berarti ada investor kepemilikan yang bernilai kurang dari yang seharusnya. Investment trust cenderung menjadi pilihan biaya yang lebih rendah dari dana, tanpa biaya awal dan biaya tahunan yang lebih rendah, bagaimanapun, membeli dalam saham berurusan menimbulkan biaya, lagi-lagi platform DIY investasi yang baik akan memotong.

Dana Pasif atau Dana aktif

Untuk memperumit masalah dana biasanya dibagi menjadi dua kategori aktif dan pasif. Sekitar satu dari empat dana pasif, tidak ada saham memilih terlibat, itu hanya membeli saham atau pasar diwakili dan karena trek itu, yaitu dana yang mencerminkan FTSE 100 dan akan memberikan kembali sama seperti pasar itu.
Dana aktif pada sisi lain memiliki seorang manajer membeli dan menjual aset, berusaha untuk mengalahkan pasar.

Keuntungan dari dana pasif adalah bahwa hal itu lebih murah. Ini umumnya mengambil dua bentuk, baik dana tracker dibeli dan dijual dengan cara yang sama dana yang dikelola, atau Exchange Traded Fund (ETF), dibeli dan dijual di saham dengan cara yang sama.

Ini investasi biaya rendah telah menjadi semakin populer dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, terutama ETF yang menawarkan kesempatan untuk perdagangan apa pun dari FTSE 100 dan emas, untuk biji kopi dan kapas.

Manajer dana akan memberitahu Anda bahwa keuntungan dari dana yang aktif adalah keahlian mereka, bagaimanapun, Anda benar-benar harus memilih manajer yang tepat untuk mendapatkan keuntungan dari ini, banyak sebenarnya secara konsisten gagal untuk mengalahkan patokan mereka dan masih memungut biaya mereka – segelintir lakukan sebenarnya mengungguli tahun demi tahun.

Memilih dana
Ada ribuan dana untuk memilih dan mereka dibagi ke dalam jenis yang berbeda atau sektor. Anda dapat membeli dana yang berinvestasi pada saham, obligasi korporasi, gilt, komoditas dan properti, antara lain, mereka juga akan biasanya memiliki beberapa bentuk fokus geografis. Kekayaan pilihan berarti investor dapat menargetkan setiap tema yang mereka pilih tetapi juga dapat membuat memilih satu membingungkan. Jika Anda tidak yakin bagaimana untuk berinvestasi berbicara dengan seorang penasihat keuangan independen

Membeli dana dan trust investasi
Jika Anda pergi langsung ke perusahaan dana, Anda akan kehilangan hingga 5,5% dari investasi Anda sebagai biaya awal. Jika Anda tidak ingin bantuan dari seorang penasihat keuangan, lebih murah dan lebih mudah untuk pergi melalui sebuah supermarket dana DIY atau broker ‘eksekusi saja’, yang tidak memberikan saran. Mereka dapat menyediakan akses ke dana, trust investasi dan ETF.
Cara terbaik untuk berinvestasi adalah melalui wrapper Isa yang perisai investasi Anda dan pertumbuhan mereka dari petugas pajak tersebut

High investment security

Some investors have considered this investment high yield very rewarding. While the fact that this high-yield investment requires a lot of risk, they can still be very useful for some investors. Should only target companies that have the ability to control or regulate their financial instability. High yield investment safe can be reach from investors who choose to do business with companies that offer good deals.

High yield safe investments are possible through a junk bond or are also known as a non-investment grade bonds. This refers to the safety of debt, which offers a very small. Investors can enter high-yield bonds for both individual business investment or mutual funds. This investment “junk bonds” can be considered more secure, through the use of investment funds because they significantly reduce the chance of spending in unprofitable companies or trusts. High-yield investments were recognized to be more profitable, because sometimes offer higher yields than those on investment grade bonds. There are companies that offer these high yield investment for investors only for the purpose of obtaining an interest. This often occurs with companies that are at the Centre of a temporary failure. Therefore, it is recommended that investors who want to buy high-yield investment offered should select only those companies that have the ability to pull from their financial instability. Therefore, you should keep away from those companies who offer high yield investment, but are often have trouble keeping their place on the market. It is better to invest for a powerful company that has the ability to overcome any financial crisis. Investing in this company with the use of mutual funds, the risk of errors from investors is greatly decreased.

Through these investments, high-yield bonds, investors have the opportunity to acquire increasing profits, which is also a better way to expand some collections business. In addition, the interest rates for high-yield bonds are more suitable than investment-grade bonds, and therefore may be able to provide a more predictable and stable income. high-yield bonds could be risky for any reason, but through the planned debt insurance for investors, financial loses in times of bankruptcy is possible. The investor must always consider high-yield bonds closed with mutual funds to avoid the risk of spending in company funds. If investors are very particular in selecting only for powerful companies that can guarantee to offer the advantages of the case, the high yield investment will be very rewarding for them and the possibility to get high yield safe investments is very achievable.

Meanings and Types of Profitable Investments

The investment with put or embed a number of is funds at our disposal in an agency or institution in hopes to profit in the period of time. Then by the institution of our funds made a capital again to do some of the businesses that bring in if it were able to bring a profit. Further advantages of this would be divided between the capital and the institutions that impart a play money.

However there are times when our investment in planting may fail to bring a profit. In fact it could be that we will suffer losses that could lose money or funds that we bury it. This is called with the risk of investing.

For that we need to be cautious in investing. Choose type of investing the least risk but have the possibility to be able to bring higher returns.

Islamic Investment

Then how do I choose the best investment?. As well as the type of investing is the most secure and can bring considerable advantages.

Of different types of Shariah-compliant investment may be made into one of the main options. Why to choose the type of this one. Some strong reasons among others are:

Guaranteed halal

Is kosher here is our capital invested by the Fund Manager will be implanted on the share of business that everything is not in violation of the provisions or the teachings of religion especially in Islam.

For example, when the funds would be invested more in the form of shares of the company. Then the selected stock shares of the company is also the result of its production is halal and permissible goods consumed by Muslims.

System for results

Similarly to the use to split the proceeds or profits of the Fund that we make the investment. All according to the rules of the teachings of Islam. So all sorts of types of usury as well as other things that contain harmful elements one party will not be interpreted in the system of investing on this one.

Risk of loss

Then when there is loss or anything else that is not desired then the consequence brought about from the events will also be covered together. So there is no single party that should bear the losses alone. As the saying goes, the same light weight shouldered equally dijinjing. Though perhaps we would lose the funds which we bury it, but it does not mean we will lose out on their own. And obviously, until now rare there are losses inflicted by the Shariah investments.

Have a value of worship

Another advantage when we choose the Islamic investment this is we can simultaneously perform worship in accordance with the diperintahkah by Allah SWT. Because of any capital investment profit obtained a portion of the profits will be directly deducted for conducting social activities. For example for the development of orphan home, the construction of a temple or a mosque and other positive activities. All certainly know when it’s got a very high value for worship.

Currency Transactions For Investment Money

The transaction currency or which are popular with the term forex trading (forex/foreign currency) is one of investment money the greatest market share around the world, when viewed from the total value of the transaction. According to a survey conducted by a financial institution of the world, the number of transactions in these currencies reach approximately 1,900 billion (u.s.) each day. This happened a few years ago.

Currently this is definitely the number even higher. It’s no wonder many argue, especially financial and economic experts say that when the future of world currency transactions have a bright future and have good prospects.

The meaning of the transaction currency (forex)

The transaction currency or foreign exchange (forex) is one of the forms of business transactions buying or selling a currency of a country in the currency of another country. This transaction can take place constantly within twenty-four hours continuous.

Before Transacting Forex

If you wish to provide funding for this type of investment money, indeed required a fairly high skill and the guts are great as well. Why be so? Because the risk is also not be considered one eye. So for those of you who want to menggelutinya, it is necessary to prepare mentally strong as well as considerable skill with the intention that you really know everything that relates to this world and was able to master it.

Just imagine, in just a matter of seconds, Your fortunes can turn into an impromptu conglomerate because profit is so high. But one day, suddenly you can also turn out to be a snot because all funds invested to carry out transactions could be discharged immediately.

However, if You diligently study and want to patient and painstaking, can certainly minimise the risk that could bring up the heart attack was unexpected. So for those who are still in the learning phase, it is advisable not to plunge directly using all funds owned. The bottom line is don’t get too desperate. It’s good You do practice first, so that it can be understood and to understand how the movement of the rise and fall of the price of a currency, so you can well imagine how if you use real money to bertansaksi forex.

Now it’s a lot of internet sites that provide facilities to learn and practice directly by using the virtual currency or virtual. The funds that are not real or sincerely. Just use the facility to its full potential.If You want to continue to learn and understand how to perform a transaction as well as setting up all the risks that must be faced, then could begin investing money to make purchases of currencies from other countries.

And if it can turn a profit, to remember is don’t get too greedy in the pursuit of profit. When you’ve got a currency you purchase already bring in profits should soon just resell it and take the profit. Do not be too long delayed, because the consequences can be fatal, not profits, but kerugianlah that should be covered. Remember, the price or value of a currency that this move very quickly. Both rise and fall.

How Forex Investment

Many How to invest people are doing in managing their funds at their disposal. The choice is usually based on their knowledge on a particular type of investment. In addition, the great hope of profit and the level of risk that may occur also became the cornerstone of thought someone before deciding a particular type of investment.

A simple way of investing that much was done by the community is the conventional investment. I.e. by storing treasures that belong in the form of gold or land. Kind of like this, but not too complicated, too, can do with capital which is not too large. So many people choose to do both types of investment, in hopes of gaining advantage at the time to come.

The second way that investment, considered a safe investment types. Since both these investment choices, is believed to be always increases in value each time. So the risk of loss due to a decrease in the value of the gain will not happen. On the other hand, these two types of investments does not have a deadline and it is pretty easy to dilikuiditaskan. Either by way of sale or digadaikan.

Forex Investment

In addition to these two things, there are still ways to other investment choices made by investors. One of them is to do business in foreign currencies or foreign exchange. This type of investment is to do a trade in exchange for value for money and then profit from the difference in value when the exchange took place.

Some of the reasons for choosing a Forex investment to benefit:

Capital required is flexible depending on our financial strength. It is different if we play in the field of investment, stock trading where minimal funds required.We can make this investment by individuals. To play the stock, we have to go to one of the brokerage company.The risk is smaller than the stock play. Although the profit margin was not to be as big if we play the stock.If it is urgent, we can withdraw our investment in a short time. One of them to exchange our investment via money changer.Not bound by time. If the play shares, we have to menginduk at load time to be precedent for exchanges, such as the Hang Seng, Nikkei or Dow Jones. To the local Exchange, Indonesia  stock exchange or BEI.

Tips for Starting Business Franchise

Currently business franchise in Indonesia growing.  The name was already well known so it doesn’t need much doing business promotion, as well as the return of capital corresponding to the amount of invested capital, make business more easy and berprospek well. The complete guide to operating a business by franchisees is also able to interest novice businessman bought the rights to franchise.

Many foreign companies to open business franchise in Indonesia, including McDonald ‘s, Popeye, KFC, and Starbucks. But little did the domestic companies which enliven the market. The exhibition is held each year in franchise located in Indonesia, Senayan, Jakarta JCC.

According to organizers, 50% of a dozen of thousands of visitors the exhibition which took place at the end of the year 2009 have been declared to be invested in business there and 40% of the participants get a new contract to open a branch. Entry fee $ 50 thousand imposed per visitor for 3 days of the exhibition was shattered our intention enthusiasts venture franchise in Indonesia to come have a look at franchise business opportunity.

Tips On Starting A Franchise Business

Some beginners mistakes when buying a franchise business is less selective in choosing franchisees, underfunded operation, too relied on franchisees, and can’t determine the right business location and strategic as a place of business.

Please be aware that it is currently the franchise business was booming in Indonesia. But you don’t easily dazzled by promises of grandiose franchisees. If you are indeed properly lay within the business problem, invite your colleagues or your relatives who is more familiar to accompany You.

Currently the company’s new open and only have 1-2 branch alone is able to offer the right franchise. Choose the franchisees really experienced doing business in Indonesia. That’s been proven that their business products and services is indeed reliable and berprospek both on economic development in Indonesia.

Learn the correct projection and investment capital they show behind. Ask for a detailed business plan. See if they are realistic in estimating market and sales.

Lack of operational funds could also be one of the causes of the immediacy of the roll mat business franchise. It has a famous name, You do not need to mention the high cost of promotion. But don’t forget, the more famous and more a business name in Indonesia, his franchise fees were higher.

On the part of the franchise, You have to pay a royalty fee every month. Royalty fees are usually charged a percentage (between 5-10%) of total sales or your bottom line. So the greater your income the greater the royalties that you have to pay.

Do not let this mandatory fee that you paid at the beginning as well as routine, reducing your ability to pay the costs of business operations like to hire employees, the cost of electricity, and phone charges. Estimate true everything, provide cash hard at the beginning of the business to secure operations for 1 year.

If you are too rely on the guidelines of the franchisees, you could lose your customers. Remember, not only you have the same business, but also other terwaralaba. If you are less innovative in running a business, Your customers will not be impossible to run business belonging to other franchisees.

The other thing that is absolutely worth noting in running a business is its location. The difference in just a few feet can make your sales go up dramatically or plummeted. Ask franchisees to help guide the survey locations. However, some franchisees have put the cost of the survey location in the package of your initial investment.

Many people are confused how to invest the Fund’s assets.

Today, investment is important. An investment equal to saving. Most traditional savings is an investment that many conducted by the public at large and is part of the variety of investment are now widely circulated.

Necessities of life, plus uncertainty about future forcing someone to invest and set aside a portion of salary or income into the realm of investment. You can get started by making a futures or savings deposits. Perhaps even more extreme more main stock and keep the gold.

If Your excess funds whose value reaches hundreds of millions, may also try to invest in the field of the property. To be sure, perpetuate and plant investment is our money in order to grow and develop. We have to change the paradigm of thinking: it’s not working for the money, but let the money work for us. That’s the point of the investment.

All Kinds Of Investment

As already explained above, we will discuss a variety of investment that many floating around, and can be chosen freely. Of course the selection must be accompanied by the availability of funds. We can’t possibly choose investment property if the funds we have minimal. Choose investments that suit your ability.

• Investment Savings Futures

Investment savings could arguably is a futures investment not at risk. Its function is similar to saving. The difference, if regular savings we can pick it up at any time, but the savings investment could not be taken before the timed duration ends, or due date. The budget required for these small savings, range between 100-200 thousand a month, and could be more. These savings can we take within 5 to 10 years into the future.

However, savings have weaknesses, namely futures interest rate which is flat and relatively small. If we accept these savings during the next 5 years, the amount of money we receive has been shrinking in value due to inflation.

• Deposits

Deposits is almost the same as saving futures. However, the next time not all saving futures. We must not menyetorkannya every month. Deposits and deposit is deposited only once within a specified time period. Deposit interest is greater than the savings. If you have money frozen and within a year of new use, the deposit is the best investment.

However, if the funds can be held in bekunya longer term, I do not recommend the use of deposits. Although the flowers are larger than the savings, impressed nonetheless value smaller than the investment that will be displayed next.

• Gold

Well, if you have frozen funds and in a long time, it is better to just switch to buying gold bullion. Starting from 10 grams to 100 grams, also exist. The value of gold has always been up as much as 30% in a year. So, there will be a loss to have gold. If money could be experiencing inflation, the value of gold is always fixed. That is, gold follows the inflation. Never happens the value of gold will fall, besides investing in gold as well as freer form of usury.

• Stock Investment

For this investment, we should really pay attention to the good condition of the market or the stock exchange. If not, we could ask someone more expert to choose the stake for us. A lot of mutual fund shares are sold. Its value was up and down, adjusted to market fluctuations. So, there are times when our stock value soaring and make us a profit of 30-50%.

However, if you’re unlucky, the value of our stock fell to minus point. If that happens, don’t sell your stocks, let him settle and remains cautious. Fluctuations in the market is something that cannot be predicted. However, you could play safe stocks are more focused on selling real needs, such as salt, sugar, rice and coffee.

Well, after reading about various investment that will grow your money, please select which best suits your finances and your thoughts.

Investment Property, A Smart Way Of Raising Money

Many people are confused how to invest the Fund’s assets. They want to get a type of investment that can bring benefit to the maximum but with risks that could be minimized, even if it could not exist at all (zero risk).

Of course it is hard to do. Because wherever the investment law also does so, when you want a big profit, regained it should dare to face the possible loss that high enough anyway.

Only when you want the jelly and conscientious, actually there’s one type of investment risk of the losses could be suppressed, but the results obtained could be maximized profit. Investing in what is it?. It is investment property.

Luxury Property Investment

If You be patient, investment properties can bring in profit with a nominal value that is quite seductive. It is the time required could not be brief, even could take years. Because investment in this field does include one type of long-term investment.

However, even though it takes a short, not much of a reason to keep it imparts capital for investment property. Among them are:

1. the price of a soil can be said to be almost always increased.

There is never a story land price somewhere experienced a decrease in the price. Because as it is known when the amount of land on this earth will never add up. When people in need of land for the home and the residence or business location is being made every day more and more. The law of demand and sales will continue to apply.

2. the Investment Choices of the rich.

Some studies mention when all wealthy people in this world, where they lived is always have investments in the property field. Because they understand if this business is almost certain will bring tremendous benefits.

3. the increase in land price is always higher than the increase in inflation.

So even though the price of a need for climbing, then rising prices remained lower than the price of land or property.

4. double Advantage.

Investment property not only can bring profit only from one side only.But it could be from two sides at once. The first of the land prices continue to increase, the second is from buildings built on the land to be leased.

5. Bank lender really like once when got a guarantee in the form of land.

This can we take advantage of by taking the credit from a bank, then play them back in the form of other businesses. Even if the credit funds can be bought more land. The value of the investment will be independently and automatically will also increase profit coffers coffers.

6. the value of investment property that is on the rise.

If you are a smart search for information, then the value of the property which belonged to would be more. For example, in a region still deserted, then land prices there certainly are still low.

But you got the info if the area will be developed as the Centre of the economy or trade. Then with the release of funds that are not so many, after the area was developed and crowded, then automatically price the land you have will also soar in price jualnya.

So don’t delay any longer this golden opportunity before the price of land in an area experiencing an increase in or somebody else. Happy investing.

Is It True That Land Investment Benefit

Land investment with the ground can be the right choice for you who want to gain a significant advantage in the long run. So, for those of you who want to do a short-term investment, the investment is less appropriate for you to choose. An investment you can do with a variety of ways.

No one likes the stock investments because profits can be doubled quickly. However some are not very interested in the stock investment as it can fall unexpectedly and cause losses were very high.

There are also people who are very fond of the investing in gold because the hobby of collecting gold jewelry and also very interested in the diraup of kentungan can this investment.

In addition, the investment can be done by buying insurance. This is convenient because the risk is less so. In addition, the insurance premiums are also rated very damning for some people.

Investment in property can also be very profitable if investors already know how to do it correctly and safely. Of all these investments, long-term investment that is profitable enough and can be selected is the investment with the ground.

Investment land appraised very promising because some perception. In fact, this investment is more profitable than other long-term investments. The advantage of this investment will continue to increase as demand for land is increasing dramatically every year so that harganyapun will increase.

With demand growing up, land prices is unlikely to get off. There is even a possibility that people will be able to benefit through this investment in time not too long. No need to wait for a matter of years, with the proper calculations of this investment will provide satisfactory results. Nevertheless, it is also not easy. Keep in mind that is ripe for investing because investing is certainly has its own risk.

The first one has to understand and quantify the benefits, how big will they can get. If not, they will not be able to do the maximum to investment land with great benefits. In addition, the observation is also very important to know how this investment prospects in comparison with other investments.

Understand everything related with this investment is very important to get satisfactory results. Because this is a long-term investment, the investor should also prepare to wait and do some preparation in order to maximize the expectation they would be the expected benefits. Investors should know how to choose the location and position of the land they bought as an investment.

They should calculate whether in recent years the region will be developed so that the value of their investment will be increased considerably. In this case, they need the opinion of the professional to get the position of the most appropriate for their use as an investment.

Moreover, investors also need to know about the background of the land on which they choose to invest to ensure that they bought the land legally. Not rarely investors managed to buy land at a bargain price and with the prospect is promising. However, it turned tragic when they know that the land is in dispute.

Therefore, once again, a thorough observation is very important in this investment. This investment can be very profitable with the right ways. However, this investment can also cause losses due to several factors as mentioned above. In addition, investors must also know the terrain in which they play.

For those who invest to large projects may have to apply different strategies to invest only for personal use. Invest safely and intelligently then you will be able to reap the results immediately. Land investment with savvy strategy will be able to provide maximum benefit.

Consumption Savings and investments

With the condition of today’s economy we need to be intelligent and careful to spend our treasures, especially for consumption savings and investment. However, it would be meaningless if we save money only in the form of savings by using fiat money or money coins introduced, because the value of the money will continue to diminish as time goes by.

To get around it there are several alternative solutions that can be used. One of them is kept in the form of gold. Some areas had even enacted a system of payment with gold dinar or, for example in the area of West Java and in some areas in Malaysia.

Advantages of investment Tools as Dinar
Gold is a form of real asset whose value remains from time to time. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad with 1 Dinar can we buy 1 sheep which can be used for human sacrifice and is currently with the same value, namely 1 Dinar we still can use it to buy 1 sheep with excellent quality, because 1 Dinar currently valued at USD 1.7 million.
With such a condition would brilliantly if we measure our investment savings and consumption with gold or Dinar. With the size of gold then we just convert that fiat currency which currently we are holding with gold as acuannya.

With reference to the gold then the money we are directly connected to the real sector and its value will not shrink in the long periods of time even on the last day.
It is not absolutely no depreciation, depreciation still could happen not because of the speculation, but can be changed due to changes in demand and supply are very natural, depending on the market.
Originally from the old fiat currency (paper and metal) have been in the back up by gold. This began to not apply when disuse law bretton wood in 1971 where United States initiative to not use again this is due to their inability to convert every fiat money or every dollar made with gold.

So now every fiat currencies are no longer printed in the back up to the real sector or gold. With reality as it is wise and good for us to measure and save our treasure both for consumption and savings with real sector or investment gold.

Investment law that should be Executed

Investment law became a sort of “raw law” for people who want to melakkan investment in various sectors. Have been many theories dealing with investment law. This paper is simply trying to dissect an issue what it investments, and theories that are melingkupinya.

In an attempt to determine the policies of the investment law was heavily influenced by the theories of teri other more consider the motivation of the employers in transnational scale or commonly referred to as a multnational corporation (MNc). The theories were better known in relation to foreign investment in a country. Eighth theory are as follows:

Dunning eclectis theory.The International organization theory.Vernon’s product life cycle theoryExchange risk theoryThe transaction costMarket imperfection global horizon theoryThe theory

Elaboration Theory

These theories explain the want to be more specific about the various modes of motivation and interest of the foreign student in investing abroad. Among the factors into consideration, namely:

The expansion of the market, foreign market strengths and weaknesses. A variety of advantages that are owned by the company.Various policies are issued by the State as an investment destination.Political will within the destination country by investors.Risk management; including legal and political stability.The abundance of raw materials in the country of destination of such investment.

In studying the investment law that would be reasonable in determining the investment policies in developing countries is not an easy job. The foreign investors when investment fund amounts will often have to deal with the country’s policy makers to be amenable to his investment because it is clear between the two has two different motivations and considerations.

It often causes legal investments in a country be barren or had no authority because it is considered still raises numerous deficiencies giving rise to many obstacles both for the potential investor or investors which have been imparting his capital.

The Dilemma

This can be said to be a dilemma which must be faced both by the Government of a country that will be assigned by the investor and the investor’s own so that between them can be accommodated each other various interests and motivations.

Do not let when the Government consider making an investment law policies are opportunists and ambivalent. Opportunists is a policy that is absurd or impossible to do by the investors. And ambivalent, could have been the regulation often changed and very subjective. To prevent the properties of such regulations, need to be formulated for creating an atmosphere conducive investment and passionate.

The investment is very important disatu side for menggelorakan the construction of a society. But do not let foreign investment be neuter your male for the community itself because we too are subject to rules against the investors, or even vice versa, too difficult investment law are made so that in fact many investors who escaped.

How to buy stocks for Beginners

There are many How to buy shares. Open an account, purchase through securities, the investment manager can also be contacted. But before buying a stock, learn first about things related to stocks. If want to try the main stock, might be better to buy mutual funds first.

If already mature and confident that your investment is in line buying and selling stocks, then buying shares directly and if it’s bold, bought a number of pretty much all the calculation of capital gain or profit are also a lot.

High Risk, High Return

The nature of the stock investment is high risk, high return. The more that is purchased, the more likely the advantage to be gained and the higher the possibility of losing funds are also grown. An adventurous spirit and mental strength during the swallows defeat is absolutely a must-have terms other than knowledge and intelligence reading market. Should not rely solely on feelings. All movements must be made on the basis of the analysis can be accounted for.

The Calculation Of

There are other costs that must be considered before buying a stock. First, the brokerage commissions usually 0.3% and VAT 10%. Pretty great, right? So if you just have the money at RP. 5 million, it looks like better didepositokan only. But if it was sure can, then no problem money that bought at RP. 5 million shares. Calculated as investment funds study. Does anyone know of any money at RP. 5 million will be at RP. 5 billion.

If you want to sell there is also a potongannya again. Brokerage commissions are typically 0.4%, the VAT 10% income tax plus 0.1%. So before you sell, perhitungkanlah formerly potongannya. If it’s about loss, don’t be sold first. Sabarlah until share prices slightly higher.

Islamic Law

For some Muslims, buying shares instead of stock, the ruling unlawful. So if you have this belief, we recommend that you do not buy the conventional stock. Contact your broker or investment manager course specifically for stocks. Bank Mandiri Syariah is one of manager investment for shares of Sharia. But if purchased through a bank, that means follow the stock purchase program that is in the bank. It was usually a mutual fund.

But for beginners, buy mutual funds cannot contain risks that are too large. In addition, the commissions to brokers (banks, in this case) is only 1% of the money paid. Also not subject to tax. But if it’s going to sell mutual funds before one year, it will be charged a discounted 1% again. When it’s more than one year, then it is not worn pieces to the broker.

How to buy it is also very easy. Just come to the bank in question, setorkan money, wait for the proof of purchase, and selesailah. Live play only. If for example, want to sell because of the profits will be achieved see big enough, come again to the bank. Do not forget to bring a proof of membelian shares or mutual funds. But if you just want to top up or buy again, simply make a call.

Investment Opportunities

Investing is a form of preparing the future. Many people do massive investment in the form of money in the bank. Purchase of shares is also a investment opportunities the choice of the berduit.

Ideally we could invest so that there is a sense of security in preparing for the future of our families. People in investing his money prefer an easy and safe through the bank.

Major banks provide plenty of investment opportunities with ease as well as with prizes such as luxury homes and luxury cars to be an option.

Joint Investment movement for the people’s Government

Seeing the enthusiasm of the community berivestasi, the Government should be addressing positive and seeks to employ the investors to not only invest in the bank.

Such efforts should be undertaken as a breakthrough for opening up investment opportunities in the sector that has not been handled well by the operations of private or Government.  The investment opportunities in the framework of the handling of unemployment, poverty, small business, or industrial-scale home appliances to the lift together.

Efforts to employ the investors is crucial to economic populist lifted the ends can increase the extent of community life and minimize social problems as a side effect.

Populist Investment Opportunities

Chances of success and secured the future of not just invest in the bank. Invest in the economy’s efforts to become partners in the community grass roots small capital loans or directly as parent partners is an investment which is more promising.

Business regions or areas where a lot of small industry may be worldwide but is not managed professionally well due to the capital or other support skills. This investment opportunities have to be arrested the owners of capital.

For example in areas where traditional weaving-producing masyarakt that existed in the area, they can produce threads that interest people of the world,

Many traditional artisan weaving has not been able to meet these opportunities because of limitations of basic materials and how to work that has not been termanajemen well. Working on his own from the preparation of the raw material until the end even marketing.

These conditions are not effective so that the necessary way out that is actually a golden investment opportunity for investors.

Select Investment Opportunities

Currently many of the owners of capital has been successful in doing business as is able to capture a gold investment. They can mebaca business opportunities of studying the behavior of the community.

Like a culinary venture investment opportunities are really no death if able to chose him with the appropriately.

Today’s society is more like the culinary bargaya and bercita traditional flavors. So much standing restaurants that employ the original power of the community that preserve traditional culinary management by applying more with modern management.

Efforts like these currently banyakdilirik and most of the success that it has opened a branch in the city of another big effort.

Investing and doing good

If a lot of the owners of capital will invest by utilizing what the value is in the community, of course the result is not just a profitable business in one hand.

Double advantage will be gained, because it can capture investment opportunities with the right. The advantage is safe investing and profitable, do good to help people continue their efforts so as to reduce unemployment and other social danmasalah.

The expectation is that all owners of capital not only selfish enrich dirisendiri, but demanded it to share with other people. This does not provide job sharing or capital but more towards invite learning began by applying the practice directly together.

If all the owners of capital can see such investment opportunities with the purpose of doing good, fast forward in Indonesia all areas quickly because of the social problems of tetangani together.

Business Opportunities Franchise Has Always Captivated

Low levels of absorption of job postings in Indonesia against the works which are not comparable, and varying saturation people work in a company triggers a desire to open up his own business. For some people who already have a business background in the family may not be a problem. But for those who haven’t experienced, try business franchise can be a viable option.

Today so many business opportunities franchise available in Indonesia. You just choose to suit yourself, whether you like it moves in the field of culinary, educational, or other services such as printing and delivery. The following are some examples:

Foods & Beverages

This is the kind of franchise business the most. Choose a franchise that fits Your budget. Some franchise provides a variety of foods You Kiwi forms of cooperation.

Starting form the stall only requires the x 3 meter, roving trade using a bicycle or motorcycle, mini cafes which need area 4×5 meters, up to a restaurant that requires a minimum area more broadly.

The area is needed, the greater the cost of the franchise, and the more are the employees you need. It all depends on You. In order to run a business with more fun, select also a menu suited to your tastes.

Menu foods & beverages currently offers many opportunities for franchise burgers, meatballs, kebabs, bubble tea, coffee, and crepes. With a capital of 3-5 million dollars you can already have a franchise foods & beverages.

Business Education

Currently in the field of education also open business opportunities franchise. That much is education for early childhood, musical courses, courses in mathematics, and language courses United Kingdom. Because it is the kind of education is currently a lot of interest. Its Target audience is middle to the top because the cost of his education are quite expensive and the type of secondary education was included.

In addition you should also purchase the curriculum, have permanent buildings with all amenities, and a faculty as well as a certified professional. Hence fees you need to open a franchise business education is very high, ranging in number hundreds of million to 1 billion rupiah.

Service Delivery

Online business in Indonesia is now more minority following. An easy way of living, the buyer paid for accessing the internet and find an item that is needed. After looking at the photo and its specifications, then perhaps ask a little to the seller, the transaction can occur immediately.

The buyer transfers the amount to be paid including shipping, then the seller will ship the items ordered via courier service deliveries. So sort of shipping business franchise business opportunity is promising and berprospek good.

A Glance At The Business Franchise

Business franchise is currently one of the most sought after form of business in many countries. Business franchise or franchise, in the language of Indonesia, is the development of the business by selling rights to the management of the business using the name and the product or service, with the same management and ownership of the franchise rights of the buyer are governed by requirements or guidelines based on the outline of the owner or seller of the franchise.

Advantage Business FranchiseUsually the company that would sell the rights to franchise is a company that already has a name and is widely known in the community. The main advantage is you can minimize charging franchise fee promotion for your business is already known.Other advantages: for those of you who are beginners in running a business, you’ll get guidance from the owner of the franchise even training on how to manage the business and develop it to be great. Thus you can simply run it alone without the need to conduct business trial-error or collect various information.Even the owner of the franchise were sometimes can help employees to your business and provide training that is enough for them, when you trouble. 

Weakness Of Business FranchiseThe weakness of the franchise business is You have to pay a fairly expensive just to use the name of the franchise. It is quite reasonable considering you never have to bother doing the promotion by having the name.Using someone else’s name also means you are promoting other people’s business, and not your own business. It can also make you become less independent businessperson because everything on to the owner of the franchise. If either the buyer the right franchise doing so to the detriment of the customer, then most likely your business will be affected.The other drawback is that You can’t do the innovation, development, or expansion of Your business product/service if it is not in accordance with the guidelines provided the owner of the franchise.

In Order To Secure Franchise BusinessFor business startups, purchased the franchise is indeed a simple step. All the guides there, just run it. The name was already well known. But you need to remember is you need starting capital.Not only for the purchase of assets, capital goods and raw materials, but also bought the rights to use the name of the franchise for so many years. In addition, in order to secure Your franchise business, you need to provide funds for the calculation of working capital for 1 year. Because you never know if your business will run smoothly surf the other branches. Then you should be prepared to pay the salaries of employees, the cost of electricity, telephone, and others from working capital, for at least 6 months to 1 year.

Franchise Business in IndonesiaToday so many easy-to-business only sold the rights to franchise to the public. It has 1-2 new branches, he immediately offered the franchise. So you also need to study carefully business plan franchise before deciding to buy the right.